Output Methods
=输出方法=
Output method is a procedure for drawing texts on output devices. It converts text strings into sequences of properly positioned glyphs of the given fonts. For the simple cases like English, the character-to- glyph mapping may be straightforward. But for other scripts the output methods are more complicated. Some could be with combining marks, some written in directions other than left-to-right, some with glyph variations of a single character, some requiring character reordering, and so on.
输出方法是在输出设备上描绘文本的过程。它将文本串转换成一系列正确放置的给定字体中的符号。对于像英文这样的简单情况，字符到符号的映射可能非常直观。但对于其他文字来说输出方法要更复杂。有些文字可能有复合的标记，有些可能不是按从左到右的顺序书写，有些对于一个字符有不同符号的变化形式，有些需要字符的重新排序，等等。
With traditional font technologies, the information for handling complex scripts is not stored in the fonts. So the output methods bear the burden. But with OpenType fonts, where all of the rules are stored, the output methods just need the capability to read and apply the rules.
在传统的字体技术中，处理复杂文字的信息并没有贮存在字体中。这个工作就由输出方法来承担。但对于贮存了所有规则信息的 OpenType 字体，输出方法只需要读取和应用规则的能力。
Output methods are defined at different implementations. For X Window, it is called X Output Method (XOM). For GTK , it uses a separate module called Pango. For Qt, it implements the output method by some classes. Modern rendering engines are now capable of using OpenType fonts. So, there are two ways of drawing texts in output method implementations. If you are using TrueType or Type 1 fonts and your script has some complications over Latin-based languages, you need to provide an output method that knows how to process and typeset characters of your script. Otherwise, you may use OpenType fonts with OpenType tables that describe rules for glyph substitution and positioning.
输出方法在不同的实现中被定义。对于 X Window，它被称为 X 输出方法（X Output Method, XOM）。对于 GTK ，它使用一个称为 Pango 的单独模块。对于 Qt，则通过某些类来实现输出方法。现代渲染引擎能够使用 OpenType 字体。因此，在输出方法实现中有两种描绘文本的方法。如果使用 TrueType 或者 Type 1 字体，而且你的文字相对基于拉丁字母的语言有一些变化，你需要提供知道怎样处理和排版你的文字中字符的输出方法。否则，你需要使用带有描述符号替换和定位规则的表格的 OpenType 字体。
Input Methods
=输入方法=
There are many factors in the design and implementation of input methods. The more different the character set size and the input device capability are, the more complicated the input method becomes. For example, inputting English characters with a 104-key keyboard is straightforward (mostly one-to- one that is, one key stroke produces one character), while inputting English with mobile phone keypad requires some more steps. For languages with huge character sets, such as CJK, character input is very complicated, even with PC keyboards.
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